Landslide

Definition

The term “landslide” refers to a variety of processes that result in the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials, including rock, soil, artificial fill, or a combination of these. The materials may move by falling, toppling, sliding, spreading, or flowing (UNDRR).

A landslide is a downslope movement of rock or soil, or both, occurring on the surface of rupture, either curved (rotational slide) or planar (translational slide) rupture, in which much of the material often moves as a coherent or semi coherent mass with little internal deformation (USGS).

Facts and figures

According to the International Disaster Database of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, in the period from 2000 to 2014, 26,000 persons have lost their lives because of landslides and flash floods while the economic losses amounted to over US$ 40 billion (OFDA/CRED).

Landslides can be classified into different types on the basis of the type of movement and the type of material involved. In brief, material in a landslide mass is either rock or soil (or both); the latter is described as earth if mainly composed of sand-sized or finer particles and debris if composed of coarse fragments. The type of movement describes the actual internal mechanics of how the landslide mass is displaced: fall, topple, slide, spread, or flow. Thus, landslides are described using two terms that refer respectively to material and movement, that is rockfall, debris flow, and so forth. Landslides may also form a complex failure encompassing more than one type of movement that is, rock slide and debris flow (USGS).

The primary driving factor of landslides is gravity acting on a portion of a slope that is out of equilibrium. The following are some of the major landslide triggering mechanisms:

  • River erosions, glaciers, or ocean waves
  • Weakening of rock and soil slope properties through water saturation by snowmelt or heavy rains
  • Stresses, strains and excess of pore pressures induced by the inertial forces during an earthquake (earthquakes of magnitude greater than or equal to 4.0 can trigger landslides)
  • Volcanic eruptions with the production of loose ash deposits that may become debris flows (known as lahars) during heavy rains
  • Stockpiling of rock or ore, from waste piles, or from man-made structures
  • Changes of the natural topography caused by human activity (UNDRR).

UN-SPIDER Regional Support Offices with hazard-specific expertise

Related content on the Knowledge Portal

  • Small island nations are highly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters, such as hurricanes, cyclones, and other storms, which can lead to severe flooding, landslides, and result in the loss of life and property. In addition, a rise in the global mean sea level places island nations at a higher risk for permanent submersion of land, coastal erosion, coastal ecosystem loss or change, salinization, and impeded drainage.

    This three-part training series will focus on small island nations while introducing the data, methods, and tools useful for monitoring natural hazards. Case studies will be used to demonstrate methodologies applying satellite and model data and open access tools to analyze storm impacts, sea level rise, and landslides on small island nations.

    Course Format:

    • Three 2-hour parts
    • Each part will be offered at two different times of day, once in English and once in Spanish.
    • Time: 11:00 to 13:00 ET (…
    read more
  • Having reliable and timely population distribution data can make a life or death difference for individuals facing crises or living in conflict-ridden regions. These data are also essential for development decision-making and planning and for monitoring progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the international community. We need to know where people are located, what conditions they are facing, what infrastructure is available, and what basic services they can access. We also need to ensure that no one is left off the map in pursuit of meeting the SDGs. 

    Gridded population data, which often use remote sensing inputs to improve the spatial allocation of population within a country, are vital for all these purposes. Together with the  growing variety of applications that require spatial population data, there is now a bewildering array of population grids, and users need to know which ones are most suitable for their applications…

    read more
  • The European Space Agency is organising the 11th International Workshop on “Advances in the Science and Applications of SAR Interferometry and Sentinel-1 InSAR”, Fringe 2021.

    Format

    Fringe 2021 is organised around:

    • Papers and e-posters selected by the Scientific Committee;
    • Invited papers on ESA-funded studies and Sentinel-1 and future ESA SAR mission status reports;
    • Round-table discussions with seed questions prepared by the session chairpersons and ESA.

    The event will take place from 31 May - June 4 2021. No participation fees will be charged.

    Objectives

    • To bring together the global InSAR research and development communities and facilitate international exchange between researchers and research groups; 
    • To present the Sentinel-1 mission status, algorithms and products;
    • To review and assess the progress according to the…
    read more
  • The University of Alaska Fairbanks has launched a MOOC about Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing for disaster monitoring. SAR is a remote sensing technology that can see the ground even during darkness and through rain, clouds, or smoke. Participants of the course will gain an intuitive understanding of the information contained in SAR observations and learn to use a range of analysis techniques to apply SAR data to disaster mapping and management. Specific topics will include:

    • The mathematical and physical principles of SAR remote sensing
    • How to access and visualize SAR data
    • Interpretation of SAR images in the context of disaster monitoring
    • Interferometric SAR (InSAR) concepts
    • Flood mapping and SAR change detection for hazard analysis
    • InSAR-based analysis of volcanoes and landslides

    The learned concepts will be put into practice in simulated disaster response exercises, in which participants will analyze SAR…

    read more
  • En décadas recientes muchas comunidades en América Latina y el Caribe han experimentado desastres ocasionados por inundaciones, sequías, deslizamientos, terremotos, erupciones volcánicas y maremotos o tsunamis que han erosionado los logros asociados a procesos de desarrollo. Además, en este año 2020 la pandemia ocasionada por el virus COVID-19 ha impactado a muchos países del mundo, forzando a los gobiernos, al sector privado, a la sociedad civil y a organismos regionales e internacionales a modificar sus planes de trabajo. De manera paralela, varios países del Este de África, del Sudoeste de Asia y de América Latina están experimentando los impactos de la plaga de langosta.  

    Convencidos que las tecnologías espaciales pueden jugar un papel preponderante en apoyar los esfuerzos que llevan a cabo las instituciones en materia de gestión para la reducción de riesgos, la preparación, la respuesta y la recuperación en caso de desastres; la Asamblea General de las…

    read more
  • The training date is in the past. However, videos and resources of the training can be accessed here

    Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data can be acquired day and night, even in cloudy conditions, providing a dense time-series suitable for trend analysis and change detection.  Environmental applications for SAR data include:

    •     forest inventory, biomass estimation and condition monitoring
    •     emergency response to floods and landslides
    •     habitat and crop mapping
    •     soil moisture monitoring
    •     offshore infrastructure and vessel monitoring
    •     detection of pollution such as oil spills and illegal waste

    The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) is organising a series of online training sessions on understanding, accessing…

    read more
  • The International Consortium on Landslides and the Global Promotion Committee of International Programme on Landslides will organize the Fifth World Landslide Forum (WLF5) on 2-6 November 2021 in Kyoto, Japan. The aim of this Forum is to promote and share knowledge and best practices about landslide risk mitigation, monitoring and early warning.
     
    The forum will discuss the following topics:
    • Sendai Landslide Partnerships and Kyoto Landslide Commitment
    • Hazard and vulnerability mapping and zonation
    • Remote sensing for landslide risk mitigation
    • Technologies for monitoring and early warning
    • Testing, modeling and risk assessment
    • Catastrophic landslides: causes and consequences
    • Frontiers of landslide science and innovative practices
    • Specific topics in landslide science and applications
     

     

  • The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025 announce the  5th World Landslide Forum (WLF5) to be held November 2-6, 2020, in Kyoto Japan. 

    This Forum will include a mid-term review of the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships, voluntary contribution to the Sendai Framework 2015-2030 and the Agenda 2030 – Sustainable Development Goals, especially Goal 11 "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable".

    Participants of the Fourth World Landslide Forum adopted the …

    read more
  • This webinar focuses on Flood History and - Risk as well as on Land Motion (subsidence), but related topics that will be touched upon are LU/LC and Change, Transport Infrastructure and Green Urban areas, as these are also relevant for assessing sustainability of cities with respect to Climate Resilience and Disaster Management. During the webinar use cases and applications of EO based solutions are demonstrated for several cities.

  • This webinar aims to show how to use SAR interferometry (InSAR) to identify and map land subsidence using the ESA SNAP Sentinel-1 Toolbox. It demonstrate how to access the RUS Service and how to download, process, analyze and visualize the free data acquired by the Copernicus satellites.

UN-SPIDER Regional Support Offices with hazard-specific expertise